圣经及其影响
圣经是许多伟大作家的灵感之源,其中最著名的是莎士比亚(1564-1616)。从1589年到1613年,他在其戏剧作品中超过1300多处引用了圣经。早在1794年,就有学者就莎士比亚戏剧作品引用圣经作出研究。
关于莎士比亚的个人信仰和神学观点的看法不一而足。有的趋向把莎士比亚戏剧基督化,将莎剧的理解局限在基督教的框架。也有学者认为其戏剧与神学无关,那些圣经的典故仅仅反映当时的语言环境。当时圣经在百姓中广为阅读,因此学者认为日常用语以至莎剧渗透著圣经经文不足为奇,经文的引用并非反映莎士比亚的神学观点。
现时仍没有肯定的证据证明莎士比亚的宗教取向。我们所知的是他曾受洗及成为英格兰教会(Church of England)的会友,所读的圣经版本为日内瓦圣经。由于当时教会并没有公开研读日内瓦圣经,他的圣经知识被认为是私下阅读中所得。
不管他的信仰基础是怎样,有一点是不容置疑的:圣经的知识能帮助我们更了解莎士比亚。
毕业于普林期顿大学和普林期顿神学院的神学教授Roland M. Frye,在《莎士比亚和基督教教义》(Shakespeare and Christian Doctrine)中认为“从历史角度下认识基督教教义有助于全面欣赏莎士比亚的艺术,但莎士比亚剧并非把戏剧神学化”
基督教的元素可体现于某些莎士比亚作品,包括《哈姆莱特》、《麦克白》、《量罪记》、《威尼斯商人》。圣经的背景知识有助你更深入地欣赏莎士比亚戏剧。
莎士比亚剧运用了不少圣经典故,从以下例子可参见莎剧与圣经的互文性:
有关创世记
- …and yet to me, what is this quintessence of dust? 出自《哈姆雷特》 (2.2)
- For dust you are and to dust you will return. 出自创世记 3:19 (NIV译本)
有关亚伯及该隐的故事
- Which blood, like sacrificing Abel’s cries,
Even from the tongueless caverns of the earth,
To me for justice and rough chastisement. 出自《哈姆雷特》 (3.3)
- And the Lord said, “What have you done?
Listen; your brother’s blood is crying out to me from the ground!” 出自创世记 4:10 (NRSV译本)
有关约伯记
- I am as poor as Job, my lord; but not so patient. 出自《亨利四世》, Part 2 (1.2)
- Ye have heard of the patience of Job. 出自雅各书 5:11 (KJV译本)
有关约伯记
- Forgive and you will be forgiven. (Luke 6:37)
- I as free forgive as I would be forgiven (Henry VII, 2:1)
- Do good to them that hate you. (Matthew 5:44)
- Cherish those hearts that hate thee. (Henry VII, 3:2)
- It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle. (Matthew 19:24)
- It is as hard to come as for a camel to thread through the postern of a needle’s eye. (Richard II, 5:5)
莎士比亚剧中有不少对白直接引用圣经经文,请参看以下例子:
- Frye, Roland Mushat. Shakespeare and Christian Doctrine. Princeton,
New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1963. - Marx, Steven. Shakespeare and the Bible. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2000. - Zhang Kuiwu 張奎武. “The artistic effects of biblical allusions in Shakespearean plays 聖經典故在莎劇中的藝術效果”,
Foreign Literature Criticisms 外國文學評論 (1 1994): 111-116
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