聖經對英文的影響
聖經是許多偉大作家的靈感之源,其中最著名的是莎士比亞(1564-1616)。從1589年到1613年,他在其戲劇作品中超過1300多處引用了聖經。早在1794年,就有學者就莎士比亞戲劇作品引用聖經作出研究。
關於莎士比亞的個人信仰和神學觀點的看法不壹而足。有的趨向把莎士比亞戲劇基督化,將莎劇的理解局限在基督教的框架。也有學者認為其戲劇與神學無關,那些聖經的典故僅僅反映當時的語言環境。當時聖經在百姓中廣為閱讀,因此學者認為日常用語以至莎劇滲透著聖經經文不足為奇,經文的引用並非反映莎士比亞的神學觀點。
現時仍沒有肯定的證據證明莎士比亞的宗教取向。我們所知的是他曾受洗及成為英格蘭教會(Church of England)的會友,所讀的聖經版本為日內瓦聖經。由於當時教會並沒有公開研讀日內瓦聖經,他的聖經知識被認為是私下閱讀中所.
不管他的信仰基礎是怎樣,有壹點是不容置疑的:聖經的知識能幫助我們更了解莎士比亞。
畢業於普林期頓大學和普林期頓神學院的神學教授Roland M. Frye,在《莎士比亞和基督教教義》(Shakespeare and Christian Doctrine)中認為“從歷史角度下認識基督教教義有助於全面欣賞莎士比亞的藝術,但莎士比亞劇並非把戲劇神學化”
基督教的元素可體現於某些莎士比亞作品,包括《哈姆萊特》、《麥克白》、《量罪記》、《威尼斯商人》。聖經的背景知識有助妳更深入地欣賞莎士比亞戲劇
莎士比亞劇運用了不少聖經典故,從以下例子可參見莎劇與聖經的互文性:
有關創世記
- …and yet to me, what is this quintessence of dust? 出自《哈姆雷特》 (2.2)
- For dust you are and to dust you will return. 出自創世記 3:19 (NIV譯本)
有關亞伯及該隱的故事
- Which blood, like sacrificing Abel’s cries,
Even from the tongueless caverns of the earth,
To me for justice and rough chastisement. (Hamlet 3.3)
- And the Lord said, “What have you done?
Listen; your brother’s blood is crying out to me from the ground!” (Genesis 4:10 NRSV)
有關約伯記
- I am as poor as Job, my lord; but not so patient. 出自《亨利四世》, Part 2 (1.2)
- Ye have heard of the patience of Job. 出自雅各書 5:11 (KJV譯本)
莎士比亞劇中有不少對白直接引用聖經經文,請參看以下例子:
- Forgive and you will be forgiven. (Luke 6:37)
- I as free forgive as I would be forgiven (Henry VII, 2:1)
- Do good to them that hate you. (Matthew 5:44)
- Cherish those hearts that hate thee. (Henry VII, 3:2)
- It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle. (Matthew 19:24)
- It is as hard to come as for a camel to thread through the postern of a needle’s eye. (Richard II, 5:5)
莎士比亞劇中有不少對白直接引用聖經經文,請參看以下例子:
- Frye, Roland Mushat. Shakespeare and Christian Doctrine. Princeton,
New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1963. - Marx, Steven. Shakespeare and the Bible. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2000. - Zhang Kuiwu 張奎武. “The artistic effects of biblical allusions in Shakespearean plays 聖經典故在莎劇中的藝術效果”,
Foreign Literature Criticisms 外國文學評論 (1 1994): 111-116
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